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Chapter : 00:00 – Language & Thought – Theories of Language Development – CDP for CTET, TET & Other Teaching Exams
Chapter : 00:14 – Important Topics covered in this video
– What is Language?
– Parts of a Language
– Language & Thought – The connection
– Nativist, Learning & Interactionist Theories
– Factors Influencing Development of Language
– Stages of Language Development
– Important Theories
– Piaget – Assimilation and Accommodation
– Vygotsky – Language as a Tool & a Means
– B F Skinner – Operant Conditioning
– Noam Chomsky – Language Acquisition Device
– Bandura – Vicarious Learning
– Vygotsky v. Piaget – Comparison
– Five Sample Questions
Chapter : 00:52 – What is Language?
Language is the system of sounds and writing that human beings use to express their thoughts, ideas & feelings.
Parts of a language :
Alphabets (Sounds) – A, B, C
– Phonemes – Ch, Ph, Rr, Un – Sounds without meanings (Spoken Combinations of alphabets?)
– Phonology is the study of Phonemes or sounds of a language
– Graphemes – Ch, Ph, Rr, Un – (Written combinations of alphabets representing sounds)
– Graphology is the study of the written form of a language
Words (Lexicon) – Run, Play, Sleep
– Morphemes – Single words – with meanings – Rr + Un (Combinations of phonemes or graphemes)
– Lexemes – Forms of a word with the same root – Run : Ran, Running
– Morphology is the study of words or Morphemes
Symbols (Punctuation) – .,?! – Run? Run!
Grammar (Morphology) – Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective
Syntax (Sentences) – I want to run.
Semantics (Interpretation or Context) – e.g. Literal or Sarcastic
Chapter : 04:11 – Importance of Language
Language plays a very important part in most aspects of human development.
Language is essential for Learning, for the development of Thought, for Communication and for most forms of social and cultural interaction.
Chapter : 04:41 – Language & Thought – The connection
Various theories have tried to explain the connection between thought and Language
Thought determines Language – Universalist – Language develops to express Thoughts
Thought Influences Language – Piaget – Thought has a influence on Language development
Thought & Language are Independent – Vygotsky – Thought & Language are independent & develop in parallel. But they merge at the ‘Inner Speech’ stage
Language influences Thought – Weak Linguistic Determinism
Language determines Thought – Strong Linguistic Determinism
Chapter : 06:05 – Nativist, Learning & Interactionist Theories
Language Development can be categorized into three types.
Nativist Theories – Which say that Children are born with the ability to Acquire or Learn language. e.g. Noam Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device theory
Learning Theories – Which say that Children Acquire or Learn Language through Reinforcement. e.g. B F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory
Interactionist Theories – Which say that Children Acquire or Learn Language through Social Interactions. e.g. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Constructivist theory
Chapter : 07:40 – Factors Influencing Development of Language
– General Health & Physical Status
– Intelligence & Cognitive Development
– Motivation, Learning & Maturation
– Environment
– Sex
– Relationship with Family Members
– Number of Family Members
– Bilingualism
Chapter : 08:55 – Stages of Language Development
Pre-Birth – 3rd Trimester – Able to distinguish between Mother’s voice & others
Babbling – 7 Months – ‘Pa’, ‘Da’, ‘Ba’, ‘Aa’, ‘Oo’
One-word – 1-1.5 Years – ‘Amma’, ‘Dada’, ‘Didi’
Two-word – 1.5-2 Years – ‘Give Toy’, ‘Doggie gone’
Telegraphic – 2-2.5 Years – ‘I want play’, ‘Call mommy now’
After Telegraphic – 2.6 Years + – Usage of longer & complex sentences
Chapter : 10:00 – Piaget – Language and Development
– Language Development is integrated into the Theory of Cognitive Development
– Based on the theory that ‘Thought Comes First. Language Develops to Express Thoughts’
Sensorimotor – Birth to 2 Years – Language Skills developed through Physical Movement E.g. Moving mouth to mimic sounds
Pre-Operational – 2 to 7 Years – Language Development progresses rapidly to ‘Assimilate’ & ‘Accommodate’ new Words & Situations
Operational – 7 to 12* Years – Language is used more logically and convey concrete facts (Not illogical mental concepts)
Formal Operational – 12* Years + – Language has Developed to communicate higher level Thoughts
Chapter : 11:54 – Piaget – Assimilation and Accommodation
A example of the Process of Adaptation & Developing Schema
New Situation > Disequilibrium > Assimilation > Accommodation > Equilibration
Chapter : 13:36 – Vygotsky – Language as a Tool & a Means
– critical aspect in the Sociocultural Constructivist Theory
– means of interacting & connecting with the ‘S’ and the ‘C’ in the SCL
– ‘tool’ for communication – Sending & Receiving information
– ‘means’ used for processing information into knowledge
Words are ‘Signals’ used by adults to represent things & ideas – which are then learnt by children
Inner speech is
– used for Self-Regulation & Self-Direction
– Bridge that connects Thought & Language
– helps in the development of Language
Thought & Language start to develop in parallel. But they merge at around 2 years – leading to ‘Verbal Thought’ or ‘Private Speech’
Chapter : 16:51 – B F Skinner – Operant Conditioning
– Operant is any overt behaviour that operates to generate significant consequences
– Learning is a function of change in overt behaviour
– Changes in behaviour are the result of (+) or (-) response to stimuli
– When a response is reinforced (+) or (-), the individual is conditioned
An example of Learner > Operant > Association > Consequences > Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning is a Theory of Development, including development of Language.
Chapter : 20:24 – Noam Chomsky – Language Acquisition Device
– Children are born with a predisposition to learn language
– LAD is a hypothetical mental tool that helps children rapidly learn languages
– LAD has evolved to make humans better at learning and understanding language
– Children across the world develop language in a similar way – supporting LAD theory
– The Concept of LAD has been developed into the ‘Universal Grammar’ Theory
All languages contain similar structures & rules – a Universal Grammar
The innate ability of native speakers of a language to Generate properly formed sentences & reject improperly formed sentences is called Generative Grammar
E.g. ‘I want to eat the Apple’ is correct. ‘The Apple to I eat want’ is incorrect.
Chapter : 23:40 – Bandura – Vicarious Learning Theory
– Bandura proposed a ‘Social Learning Theory’ – based on Observational Learning
– Most human behaviour is learned through Observation, Imitation & Modelling
– Children learn language by observing ‘Models’ around them
Models can be Family, Peers, Teacher & classmates, Media, Community, Religion, Sports and Workplace.
Observation + Mediational Processes [Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation = Learning
1. A child is more likely to imitate people it perceives as similar to itself. e.g. Same gender
2. People around will respond to the imitation with either reinforcement or punishment
3. The child will also factor in what happens to others, before imitating – Vicarious Learning
Chapter : 28:07 – Vygotsky v. Piaget – Comparison
Vygotsky’s Theory – Piaget’s Theory
Language Drives Thought – Thought Drives and Precedes Language
Thought & Language develop in parallel – Thought has a influence on Language development
Language is a crucial part of Cognitive Development (S C L) – Cognitive Development is not highly dependent on Language Development
Private speech is essential for self-directed regulation & communication with the self – Private speech is egocentric or immature
Chapter : 29:46 – is based on interactional theory of language learning.
– Competency based language learning
– Communicative language learning
– Co-operative language learning
– Cognitive language learning
Chapter : 30:22 – Noam Chomsky’s theory is primarily related with
– language development
– social development
– emotional development
– None of the above
Chapter : 30:39 – What type of language theory focuses on the inborn capacity of infants to learn language?
– Behaviourist theory
– Nurture theory
– Instinctual theory
– Nativist theory
Chapter : 31:08 – Who strongly maintains that language is learnt by imitation of stimuli and reinforcement of correct responses?
– B. F. Skinner
– Albert Bandura
– Kurt Lewin
– Tolman
Chapter : 31:38 – The theory that we are born with a language acquisition device was formulated by
– Jean Piaget
– Ivan Pavlov
– Noam Chomsky
– B F Skinner
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