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Chapter – 00:00 – Critical Perspective of The Construct of Intelligence
Chapter – 00:15 – Important Topics Covered in this video
– Expression or indicators of Intelligence
– What is Intelligence?
– Theories of Intelligence
– Intelligence Tests
– Intelligence Quotient – IQ
– Five Sample Questions
Chapter – 00:38 – Expressions of Intelligence
– Academic Performance
– Problem Solving
– Creativity
– Logical Approach
– Common Sense
– Emotional Control
– Reasoning Skills
– Planning Skills
– Leadership Abilities
– Social Skills
All of these may be considered as Expressions or Indicators of Intelligence.
Chapter – 01:44 – What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge & skills.
A theoretical definition of Intelligence : ” A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings – “catching on,” “making sense” of things, or “figuring out” what to do.” – Wall Street Journal, Op Ed, 1994
Chapter – 02:52 – The three processes in Intelligence.
– Learning
– Recognizing problems
– Solving problems
Chapter – 04:45 – Classification of Intelligence Theories
Psychometric theories – Individual differences in test performance on cognitive tests
Cognitive theories – Processes involved in intelligent performance
Cognitive-contextual theories – Processes that demonstrate intelligence within a particular context
Biological theories – Relation between intelligence, and the brain and its functions
Chapter – 06:35 – Theories of Intelligence
– Uni factor or Mono-factor Theory – Alfred Binet
– Two Factor Theory – Charles Spearman
– Triarchic Theory – Robert Sternberg
– Three Stratum Theory – John Carroll
– Five Mental Abilities Theory – George Kelley
– Primary Mental Abilities Theory – Louis Thurstone
– Multiple Intelligence Theory – Howard Gardner
– Multiple Factor Theory – Edward Thorndike
– Hierarchical Model – Arthur Jensen
– Structure of Intellect Theory – J. P. Guilford
– PASS Theory – Das, Naglieri & Jarman
– Sampling Theory – Godfrey H Thomson
– Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence – R. B. Cattell
– Verbal-Perceptual Model – Philip E. Vernon
– Cognitive Theory – Mike Anderson
– Structural Theory of Intelligence – Hans Eysenck
– Bio-Ecological Theory of Intelligence – Stephen J. Ceci
– Theory of Emotional Intelligence – Daniel Goleman
Chapter – 06:56 – Theories of Intelligence we will cover
– Uni factor or Mono-factor Theory – Alfred Binet
– Two Factor Theory – Charles Spearman
– Triarchic Theory – Robert Sternberg
– Primary Mental Abilities Theory – Louis Thurstone
– Multiple Factor Theory – Edward Thorndike
– Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence – R. B. Cattell
– Multiple Intelligence Theory – Howard Gardner
Chapter – 07:26 – Uni factor or Mono-factor Theory – Alfred Binet
– Invented the first practical IQ test or Intelligence Test – Binet-Simon test
– Introduced the concept of ‘Mental Age’
Uni factor Theory explains intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment.
While Binet’s Theory was disputed, his concepts laid the foundation for other theories.
Chapter – 09:14 – Two Factor Theory – Charles Spearman
– Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence using a statistical method called factor analysis
– Father of Factor Analysis
Intelligence Consists of a ‘g’ factor (General Factor) and some ‘s’ factors (Specific Factors).
The ‘g’ factor is common to all in various degrees; and ‘s’ factors that give a specific ability.
Chapter – 10:44 – Triarchic Theory – Robert Sternberg
Intelligence is a Process – with five meta-components
– Encoding
– Inferring
– Mapping
– Application
– Response
There are Three Forms of Intelligence
– Componential or Analytical intelligence – Analysing information & solving problems. E.g., Academic Performance
– Experiential or Creative intelligence – Using past experiences & new knowledge to solve novel problems. E.g., Inventors, Artists
– Contextual or Practical intelligence – Adapting to frequent changes or modifying the environment. E.g., Street smart, Business sense
Chapter – 13:33 – Primary Mental Abilities Theory – Louis Thurstone
Intelligence consists of Seven Primary Abilities – which are independent of each other.
– Verbal comprehension
– Verbal fluency
– Numerical faculty
– Spatial visualization
– Associative memory
– Perceptual speed
– Reasoning
Chapter – 14:53 – Multiple Factor Theory – Edward Thorndike
– Thorndike is considered as the Father of Modern Educational Psychology
– Multiple Factor Theory is also known as the Anarchic Theory
– Thorndike disagreed with the concept of one ‘General Intelligence’
Types of Intelligence
– Abstract
– Concrete, Technical or Mechanical
– Social
Attributes for Measuring of each type of Intelligence
– Level – the level of difficulty of a task that can be solved
– Range – a number of tasks at any given degree of difficulty
– Area – the total number of situations at each level the individual is able to respond to
– Speed – the rapidity with which we can respond to the items
* Multiple Factor Theory – Thorndike should not be confused with Multiple Intelligences Theory – Gardner
Chapter – 16:38 – An example of how Intelligence can be measured under the Multiple Factor Theory – Edward Thorndike
Chapter – 18:56 – Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence – R. B. Cattell
General Intelligence consists of two types – Fluid and Crystallized
Fluid Intelligence:
– Capacity to think speedily and reason flexibly in order to solve New Problems without relying on past experience & accumulated knowledge
– Solving new puzzles, analysing new information, dealing with unique situations
Crystallized Intelligence
– Ability to recall and utilize skills, knowledge acquired via prior learning and experience
– Recalling events & dates, remembering geographical locations & routes, building one’s vocabulary, driving a car
First postulated – Raymond B. Cattell – 1963
Further developed – John Leonard Horn – 1967
Alternate Attribution – ‘Horn & Cattell’
Chapter – 20:37 – Multiple Intelligence Theory – Howard Gardner
– There are a wide range of different abilities operating in the human mind
– These abilities do not necessarily correlate strongly with each other
– However, they do not operate completely independently
Various types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner
– Linguistic
– Musical
– Logical-mathematical
– Spatial
– Bodily-kinaesthetic
– Intrapersonal
– Interpersonal
– Naturalistic
Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting or community.
Chapter – 23:08 – About Intelligence Tests
– Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
– Universal Nonverbal Intelligence
– Differential Ability Scales
– Peabody Individual Achievement Test
– Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
– Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Disabilities
The WISC-V generates a Full-Scale IQ that represents a child’s general intellectual ability.
It provides five primary index scores: Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.
Chapter – 25:35 – History of the Intelligence Quotient
– First IQ Formula – Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon (1905)
– The Term ‘IQ’ & Revised Formula – William Stern (1912)
– Multiply IQ x 100 – Lewis Terman (1916)
IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100
Chapter – 28:36 – Intelligence theory incorporates the mental processes involved in intelligence (i.e., meta-components) and the varied forms that intelligence can take (i.e., creative intelligence). This refers to
– Spearman’s ‘g’ factor
– Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
– Savant theory of intelligence
– Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
Chapter – 29:41 – A child with intelligence quotient 105 will be classified as
– superior intelligence
– above average intelligence
– normal or average intelligence
– dull
Chapter – 30:01 – Theory of multiple intelligences implies the following except
– emotional intelligence is not related to IQ
– intelligence is a distinct set of processing operations used by an individual to solve problems
– disciplines should be presented in a number of ways
– learning could be assessed through a variety of means
Chapter – 31:54 – Which of the following is not a ‘primary mental ability’ according to Thurstone?
– arithmetic ability
– associative memory
– thinking speed
– inductive reasoning
Chapter – 32:45 – Crystallised intelligence depends on
– Neurological development
– Physical development
– Learning and experience
– None of the above
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